Classic Poems About Sailors and the Sea

The American Of The Vietnam War - 1208 Words

Kenneth Penn, 69, stepped into the coffee shop clad head to toe in purple and gold. The emblem across his hat and jacket pictured a purple and gold heart, encircled by the words â€Å"Military Order Purple Heart, 1762 of the U.S.A. 1932.† When Penn first sat down with me to tell me his story, he asked if anyone in my family had ever served in a war. I responded by telling him my father was a marine before I was born. â€Å"No, your father is a marine. Once you’re a marine, you’re always a marine,† Penn corrected. Gentle in his demeanor and free with his sense of humor, Penn went on to tell me his story as a veteran of the Vietnam War. Penn graduated from the University of St. Thomas with a degree in business in 1967. He initially took two†¦show more content†¦It is important to know, says Penn, â€Å"There is nobody that joins the military and says, ‘Let’s find a war!’† The military does as the government tells them, and faces negative treatment from the American public as a result, which is an unfortunate truth, Penn says. After his time in Oklahoma, Penn spent the following six months in Khe Sanh, located in South Vietnam. When he first arrived, the veteran says the land was quiet and peaceful. Penn recalls when they first started out there was almost no difference between home and Vietnam. They received three meals a day and two beers a day, Penn says with a laugh. The hot â€Å"chow† and nightly movies, though, were an early luxury for Penn and his fellow marines. On January 21, 1968, chaos ensued. The Battle of Khe Sanh had begun. Mortars and rockets came down from dusk to dawn in an attempt to take over the base. Back home, newspaper headlines addressed President Johnson’s focused desire to win the war. Meanwhile, back on the base, the only desire Penn and his men held was for food, water, and ammunition to keep them going until the siege was under control. â€Å"You learn something in every war,† says Penn. While stationed in Vietnam, Penn and his fellow marines learned they were greatly underprepared. The veteran considers himself lucky though, because his men were able to exchange their sea rations with Seabees, who dug holes for them to create a

Transformational Leadership Styles

Question: Discuss about the Transformational Leadership Styles. Answer: Introduction: Leadership is ubiquitous in all aspect of life, and it is a key determinant of the success of any institution. It encompasses creating and perpetuating an environment that motivates individuals towards attaining a common goal (Kippenberger 2012). After completing my bachelor of science in nursing degree, I was privileged to work in a local hospital as a chief nurse. My principal role was to guide other colleagues towards the achievement of the institution goal. I realized that client satisfaction was core to the success of the system. I commenced by purposefully creating an enabling environment that motivated and promoted the growth of all staff. I endeavored to see that I arrived at the workplace on the stipulated time. Moreover, the staffs opinions were sought during the decision making exercise. These moves were deliberately made to promote modeling and to act as motivators respectively. Also, to enhance motivation and promote trust and respect, I delegated senior duties to all staffs on a rotational basis. As per the above reflections, its evident that I had embraced transformational leadership. This style of leadership mainly focuses on empowering people to perform maximally (Tomey 2015). According to Tomey (2015), transformational leadership apart from substantially enhancing patient satisfaction which is our core vision, it promotes the retention of the workforce. My endeavors above are in tandem with the transformational style of leadership which culminates in motivation, trust, respect and the empowerment of the employees. All these will create employee ownership of the institution thus enabling them to work to their maximum potential, and this will translate to patient satisfaction. Also, the environment fostered by this style may weaken the employees desire to quit the institution. Consequently, proper skill will be continuously available hence improved healthcare provision. Im a team builder and a good team player. During my sojourn at the hospital, teamwork was a necessity. This virtue emanates from me believing that others too can be valuable resources for learning. The others opinions towards patient management are given an interest. This move in return has made my suggestions more receptive. Additionally, Im an excellent communicator. I can foster a trusting and respectful relationship with my colleagues through effective communication. However, one of my weaknesses is that I exhibit some emotional instability. This aspect is mainly depicted under immense frustrations especially when dealing with stubborn patients or their significant others. Emotional stability is a critical quality that a good leader ought to possess as it nurtures a healthy interpersonal relationship that greatly influences the achievement of the pre-determined goals. Through education, I have almost overcome this weakness as I'm preparing to be a good leader (Kippenberger 2012). While still working as a matron in the local hospital, a patient who had been treated in our facility sometime back, stormed into the hospital one morning, yelling that the hospital was doing nothing to improve her health despite her spending a fortune in both medication and treatment. She had confronted a nurse who had administered drugs to her. She claimed that, even after consuming the full prescribed dose, she still experienced a persistent headache. I approached the patient and requested her to calm down.I assured her that all was to be well and that whatever she was doing was her right. Afterward, I contacted a medical doctor who reviewed and changed her prescription. The patient left our facility satisfied as backed up by her frequent visits to our hospital for checkup and treatment. The steps that I took vividly demonstrate that effective leadership skills were put in place. I not only embraced teamwork but also I exercised emotional stability when dealing with the client (To mey 2015). References Kippenberger, T. (2012).Leadership styles. Oxford: Capstone Pub. Tomey, A. (2015).Transformational leadership in nursing. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

Rural Injustice, the Fiction

Introduction Many scholars have provided different definitions of the word injustice. In this paper, injustice will be defined as the absence of fairness and lack of justice in dealing with issues related to people’s rights; it basically includes violation of people’s rights and unfair treatment of people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Injustice, the Fiction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will discuss some of the rural injustices in the society as depicted using imagery in the following three short stories: â€Å"When I Was in Hsia Village†, â€Å"Marriage of Young Blacky,† and â€Å"Springs Silkworms.† Rural injustice imagery is an important aspect that these three short stories have used to demonstrate and illustrate some of the prejudices and unreasonable human experiences that take place in the modern Chinese rural societies. In these three stories, the authors have clearly managed to use characters, styles, and major themes to provide clear evidences that there is rural injustice in the society. These writers have used imagery to illustrate the rural injustice that affects the Chinese rural society. Therefore, this paper will demonstrate how rural injustice is depicted in these three short stories using styles, themes, setting, and characters (Shu-li 94). In the story of â€Å"Marriage of Young Blacky,† there is rural injustice where Yu Fu’s father lost his temper and beat some young men who had come for his daughter-in-law; indeed, this woman had managed to attract a big number of admirers within a few days. As the big crowd surrounded her with gaity and laughter, Yu Fu’s father thought such behavior was improper, and had to do something to save the situation. Indeed, one day when such a crowd had gathered as usual, he lost his temper and gave the young people a good scolding. This certainly prevented them fr om coming again, but irritated his daughter-in-law so much that â€Å"she cried for a whole day and night, refusing to comb her hair, wash clothes, wash her face, or take any food† (Shu-li 91). This shows that there was injustice as the daughter-in-law was not happy with the beatings given to those young men by Yu Fu’s father. Indeed, she had not complained that those men were a nuisance to her or that she was not interested in them. Another rural injustice is seen in the story where Hsiao Chin’s mother was gossiping with the neighbors and Chin Wang came to Hsiao Chin to kiss her. This is illustrated in Marriage of Young Blacky where one Chin Wang made an impromptu visit to Hsiao Chin’s home, in the absence of her father and mother who were in the fields and neighbor’s residence respectively, and insisted of having a good time with her. Although she resisted, the young man was adamant and tried to blackmail her saying, â€Å"Stop acting! You would soften enough if you were with Hsiao Erh-hei.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Come on; let me have a go too† (Shu-li 93). This shows how boys were capable of sexual abuse to girls in the rural society. There is also rural injustice where Chin Wang’s father was said to be one of the village farmers who behaved like a tiger, especially due to the alleged tendency to maltreat people in the society when he was a master. The story narrates that, â€Å"for a good number of years the old man had mean of the village, and was a past master in maltreating people† (Marriage of Young Blacky 94). Again, his son Chin Wang and their cousin Hsing Wang were seen mistreating people during village official elections, as illustrated in the story that â€Å"the country folk hated them like poison , but nobody dared breathe a word , for fear of rousing the enmity of such formidable enemie s† (Shu-li 95). There is also another rural injustice in the story where Chin Wang planned to revenge against Hsiao Chin by claiming that Hsiao Erh-hei avoided the meeting and was not sick with malaria. He then goes on and plans another meeting in order to embarrass and confront Hsiao Erh-hei and Hsiao Chin, although he does not succeed in his plans. This is illustrated in the story through the statement that â€Å"fortunately, the village head knew his job and reproved Hsing Wang, Hsiao Erh-hei really was ill with malaria; it was not just an excuse† (Shu-li 98). Another rural injustice is illustrated where Third Fairy–maid forced her daughter Hsiao Chin to marry Brigadier Wu against her wish, as she had wanted to marry Hsiao Erh-hei; indeed, â€Å"Third-Fairy-maid was terribly upset about all this† (Shu-li 101). There is rural injustice when girls are forced to marry partners that are chosen to them by their parents against their wish. Indeed, it shows ho w this young woman, Hsiao Chin, has faced injustice several times, first in a forced kiss from Chin Wang and then her mother’s attempt to force her to marry Brigadier Wu. There is rural injustice in the story where Chin Wang managed to take Hsiao Chin and Hsiao Erh-hei to the district government because Hsiao Chin had refused to marry Brigadier Wu (Shu-li 102). In addition, using styles such as dreams where Hsiao mother dreamt that a play was being performed in the temple, we see injustice in the rural society, as this dream is later interpreted in the case where Hsiao Erh-hei is tied with Hsiao Chin and taken to the district government office (108). Lastly, another injustice in the rural Chinese society as depicted in the story is the issue of parents who want their daughters to marry even when underage as in the case of Hsiao Chin, whose mother wanted her to marry Brigadier Wu even before reaching 15years of age (107). Therefore, the author of the short story has managed to show various rural injustices in the Chinese rural society through the use of themes, styles and characters as discussed in this paper.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Injustice, the Fiction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second story that depicts the availability of rural injustices is â€Å"Spring Silkworms.† In this story, there is rural injustice where Tung Pao’s grandfather and Old Master Chen had been forced by Long Hairsrs to work as captives for seven years in a secluded place without payment and against their wish or consent. The story ends by, â€Å"because they raised a crop of spring silkworms, the people in old Tung Pao’s village got deeper into debt† (145). This shows how the villagers were suffering. This is illustrated in the book where it states that â€Å"years ago Long Hairs campaigning through the countryside had captured Tung Pao’s grandfather and Old Master Chen and kept them working as prisoners for nearly seven years in the same camp† (Tun 11). Another injustice is seen where we are told that Old Tung Pao’s father once killed a young long-haired man on patrol and continuing to state, ‘what Old Tung Pao could not understand was why the fall of the house of Chen should affect his own family† (Tun 12). Besides, there is also rural injustice in the story where villagers had bad attitude and prejudice towards foreigners to a point of petitioning the government to repatriate them; the story states that, â€Å"in the village, his attitude towards foreigners was well known, the new Kuomintang government says it wants to† throw out† the foreign devils† (Tun 14). This shows that in rural areas, foreigners were not valued and were mistreated by others, thus showing injustice towards these foreigners, most of whom were innocent. Furthermore, due to exploitation and other mistreatments, there was poverty in the village, as women and children had little to eat, while â€Å"their clothes were old and torn† (Tun 17). Therefore, in this story, the writer has clearly shown some of the rural injustices in the Chinese society using characters and themes such as poverty and cultural beliefs. The last story that demonstrates the presence of rural injustice is â€Å"When I Was in Hsia Village.† In this story, we see injustice in the village where we are told of existing political turmoil in the village and some elementary school, which were destroyed by other people. The story illustrates this by stating, â€Å"These used to be an elementary school, but last year the Jap devils destroyed it† (Ling 269). Another injustice in Hsia village is illustrated where people have to go and hide due to turmoil at political department. There are also rural injustices where girls are involved in prostitution in Hsia village as illustrated in the story – â€Å" it’s said that she has slept with at least a hundred men† (Ling 271). This shows that there are sexual injustices taking place in the village (Ling 278), especially in relation to the circumstances that lead to girls to turn to prostitution. In addition, rural injustice is seen where Japanese attack Hsia village some time back and some people were killed. The author illustrates this by stating, â€Å"Liu Erh-ma said, talking about the Japanese attack on Hsia village a year and a half before† (Ling 272).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, there was also a lot of suffering in the village due to severe living conditions and political interferences that were common in the villages (Ling 277). Therefore, using appropriate themes such as suffering, prostitution, religion, and political instability, the writer of the short story, â€Å"When I Was in Hsia Village,† has been able to successfully show some on the rural injustices in modern Chinese society. In conclusion, this paper has discussed some of the rural injustices as exhibited and evidenced in the three short stories including â€Å"When I Was in Hsia Village,† â€Å"Marriage of Young Blacky†, and â€Å"Springs Silkworms†. As seen above, injustice involves the infringement of civil rights and inequitable treatment to other people; thus, rural injustice is the violation of basic human rights and deficiency of fairness in the rural society. From the three short stories, we have seen and found out that some of the common rural injust ices in the society include marriage challenges, prostitution, and bad leadership, poverty due to exploitation, colonialism, and poor cultural beliefs. In the story of â€Å" Marriage of Young Blacky â€Å", the author has managed to show us various rural injustices in the Chinese rural society through the use of themes, styles, and characters as discussed in this paper. Secondly, we have discussed some of the rural injustices as depicted in the short story,† Spring Silkworms†, with the injustice that stands out being foreigner’s discrimination. Besides, this shows that foreigners were not valued and were mistreated by others in the village. Furthermore, due to exploitation and other mistreatments, there was poverty in the village, as women and children had little to eat and no clothe to wear. Lastly, in the story â€Å"When I Was in Hsia Village,† appropriate themes such suffering, prostitution, religion and political instability have been used to demons trate the existence of injustice in the society. Indeed, the writer of this last short story has been able to successfully show some on the rural injustices in modern Chinese society. Finally, although the writers of these three short stories have highlighted various injustices to the society in the past, it is important that other writers use literature to depict current happenings in the society. Again, writers should use literature to create more awareness to the members of the society about how to eliminate and prevent potential injustice. Literary writers should also be creative and use words that are more appealing and styles of writing that would make their literary works more interesting to read. Lastly, short stories are among the most humorous and enjoyable pieces of literary works; therefore, the writers should combine good use of characters, themes, literary styles, and settings, including the plot of the story in order to make their writings more interesting and globall y accepted Works Cited Ling, Ting. When I Was in Hsia Village. (Attached article) Shu-li, Chao. Marriage of Young Blacky. (Attached article) Tun, Mao. Springs Silkworms. (Attached article) This essay on Rural Injustice, the Fiction was written and submitted by user Athena C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Rural Injustice, the Fiction

Education Act (1944)

Professional Social Work Practice In Crisis Centre Social Work Essay Essay Example

Professional Social Work Practice In Crisis Centre Social Work Essay Essay Example Professional Social Work Practice In Crisis Centre Social Work Essay Essay Professional Social Work Practice In Crisis Centre Social Work Essay Essay This essay relates to an observation of professional societal work pattern in a crisis Centre for people with mental wellness and societal demands who are in crisis, who need support and short-run adjustment with the end of returning place or to a new environment. This essay will chiefly concentrate on multi disciplinary coaction of Crisis Centre staff and Crisis Housing Resolution Team and why it is cardinal to societal work pattern ; it will show good pattern and show statements for and against multidisciplinary working. Multidisciplinary working is work undertaken jointly by workers and professionals from different subjects or businesss ( Pearson A ; Thomas 2010:342 ) and it has evolved at changing velocities over the past 30 old ages or so in response to jussive moods of cardinal authorities. Mental wellness was among the first professions to follow squads of workers from different professions. TheA community mental wellness squad is widely regarded as the theoretical account for multi-disciplinary working. ( Community Care, 2010 ) . Associating this to societal work the typical quality is showing a holistic attack, by working with a scope of state of affairss, people and holding an property for developing multi-disciplinary and partnerships, ( Higham,2006: ) degree Celsius The crisis Centre is run by a Local Council and NHS Trust based in a local community. Which corresponds with the 1975 White paper Better Services for Mentally Ill, professions working together to supply a community based service. ( Scie, 2010 ) The crisis Centre provides beds for four grownups enduring a mental wellness, societal crisis, who have been referred to them by the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team, the service users for case can be referred from in their place or accident and exigency. Next they complete an assessment inline with local authorization guidelines and processs, so bring forth a attention program and hazard appraisal. If they decide the service user is in crisis and ca nt return place, so they contact the crisis Centre for a topographic point with the end of go forthing the Centre after the crisis, usually within two hebdomads. Once the service user is placed, there are legion methods of contacts from the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team and societal w orkers through electronic mails, phone calls and visits. During this observation multidisciplinary working was witnessed between the crisis centre staff and the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team about a service user already in the Centre through a phone call. The crisis declaration place intervention squad seemed to be following the National Occupational Standards cardinal functions subdivision three, by back uping the person, stand foring their demands, positions and fortunes by moving as an advocator ( Higham 2006: 98 ) as they were informing the crisis Centre of what was go oning. The crisis centre staff were inquiring inquiries in a manner that was handling the service user as an person by listening to their single instance, esteeming and keeping self-respect by merely inquiring inquiries relevant to the crisis centres demands and standards. They besides spoke clearly and discussed the kineticss of other service users ( esteeming confidentiality ) already in the Centre declaring any struggle or positive interactions that had arisen since their last visit ( GSCC,2010 ) .These accomplishments are cardinal to societal work pattern as they are valuing the person and holding a holistic attack. Furthermore, in the 1990 s new labor recognised that jobs can non be references by people and administrations working in isolation. So the Department of Health 1998 introduced the white paper Modernising Social Services, which had multi-disciplinary working as a cardinal aim. ( Wilson, et, Al, 2008:388 ) . In 2000 No secrets actively promoted that multidisciplinary squads, empower and advance wellbeing of vulnerable grownups, through the services they provide and the demand to move in a manner, which supports the rights of the person to take to independence. ( Department of Health 2000 ) This was observed, by the service user, crisis Centre and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team via staff pass oning often throughout the twenty-four hours and supplying an environment where service users can come and travel freely, yet still hold support, during their crisis, they were besides encouraged to cook and clean for themselves.This was seen during the observation besides in Tony Ryan s ( 2010 ) rating of crisis Centre and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team, asked service users what they valued best about their stay, their responses I was on the lowest round of the ladder in footings of depression and ego esteem. Now I can cook and press. It has restored my get up and travel . and It is given me a sense of life back and helped me to happen myself. I could nt hold gone on any longer. Staff have taught me to get by better and pull off my panic onslaughts. This demonstrates partnership working with the service user and multidisciplinary working. The White Paper Our wel lness, our attention, our say besides emphasises the importance of people holding more control over their lives and entree to responsive, preventive services by working together in multidisciplinary squads. ( Department of Health 2006 ) . The crisis Centre fulfils this. Throughout the twenty-four hours through treatments and observation it appeared that the crisis centre staff and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team encouraged emancipatory pattern by affecting the service user in their support which shows good pattern besides staff were non routinized as each twenty-four hours was different, they discussed how each person was alone with a alone state of affairs. If societal workers become oppressed by working in modus operandis this does non ever profit the service user, it is non good pattern and is non cardinal to societal work values. An illustration of this was observed when a member of the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team came to the crisis Centre and completed a visit with a service user. During her visit to the crisis Centre she was invariably contacted from her office through phone calls, one of which was a new service user necessitating to be assessed desperately, she had already one visit booked in after the crisis Centre, but had t o re -evaluate her instances as the new referral was seen to be more of a precedence. She did this by talking to her director on the phone and rhenium -arranging for another co-worker to see her service user and so asked the office to allow the service user know about this alteration. The above paragraph demonstrates multidisciplinary working and partnership working with the service users are cardinal and coaction is needed for societal work and the reading from the staff involved demonstrates good pattern. To demo the importance of partnership working with service users in the crisis Centre Tony Ryan ( 2010 ) completed a service rating of the crisis Centre and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team, they asked service users how they felt about staff. Service user s responses Any inquiries or anything you are upset over, you can travel and inquire the staff and Staff are really supportive and assist screen jobs out. As societal work is about working with people to assist them to screen their jobs out. Besides each single brings alone accomplishments and experience into the on the job professional relationship. ( Thompson. N. A ; Thompson, S. 2008:24 ) So far this essay has demonstrated positive multidisciplinary working through observation at the crisis Centre. However, in world multidisciplinary working can be negative and can be wholly dysfunctional. As when a group of diverse people with varied accomplishments come together into a squad, things do nt ever travel swimmingly. ( Community Care, 2010 ) Cree, 2003:163 believes that multidisciplinary working can be positive but besides frustrating, insulating and hard. ( Dalrymple A ; Burke 2006:139 ) Wilson et Al ( 2008 ) besides agrees multi disciplinary working does non ever work efficaciously and such failures have been documented in such determination of Victoria Climbie question and babe Peter, in conclusion Thompson ( 2005 ) believes that multidisciplinary can make more injury than good and can do state of affairss worse. During the class of the twenty-four hours it was bought to attending through a staff handover that one of the service users in the crisis Centre had at foremost experienced a positive interaction of multidisciplinary pattern, but unhappily it turned into a negative experience. Conquesenlty, this seemed due to the dislocation of communicating between multidisciplinary squads such as his societal worker, Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team, crisis centre staff and medical staff. Harmonizing to Thompson ( 2009 ) without effectual communicating the impression of multidisciplinary becomes inaccessible. Staff at the crisis Centre believed it was due to miss of budgets and deficiency of communicating. During this handover brooding pattern was witnessed, every bit, as a squad they spoke about what, why and how things had gone incorrectly for the service user and how they could near the state of affairs to acquire the best result for the service user. The staff at the crisis Centre spoke about how they valued supervision meetings as it gave them the opportunity to voice any concerns they had and besides gave the trough opportunity to cover with any systematic pattern that was taking the staff to go unfocussed. ( Thompson. N. A ; Thompson, S. 2008 ) . As supervision meetings demonstrate good pattern and in societal work codifications of pattern, developing 1s self through development chances to beef up accomplishments and cognition. This essay has demonstrated through observation that it is of import to work with other professionals as one individual can non work out another individual s jobs and dilemmas entirely ( Thompson. N. A ; Thompson, S. 2008:19 ) and that multidisciplinary working is a fact of unrecorded for societal workers and many other professionals besides, this essay showed a balance mentality on multidisciplinary working as it has positive and negative points.

Open Innovation in Service Sectors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Open Innovation in Service Sectors - Essay Example As a way of meeting the expansion and evolution in the service sector, which is mostly focused on changes in customer preferences for service delivery, players within the service sector have used research and development (R&D) to identify specific changes that customers desire, so that they can direct or focus their attention on these areas of change. Once companies and institutions adopt this strategy to change with the changing environment in which they do business, we say the companies are engaged in innovation (Harabi 2005). Writing on innovation within the service sectors, Hagedoorn and Cloodt (2003) pointed out that the rate of change and expansion experienced of late demands that companies do just more than the traditional idea of innovation. It is in light of this that writers and reviewers have followed up with research on the most advanced ways in which the service sector can make the best use of innovation. Lately, companies such as LEGO, Barclays Bank and British Broadcas t Corporation (BBC) have introduced the all new term of open innovation in the transaction of most of the businesses they are engaged in, as a way of building on the traditional ideas of innovation. ... On his part, Chesbrough (2003) sees open innovation as a meta-innovation that involves the practice of co-creating with customers in the service industry, where it is traditionally said that for customers to have their way in specifying what they want is very difficult because the experience there is tacit (Meyer 2012). By implication, it can be said that it is the customer that decides on the value of innovation as most forms of changes in the service industry are focused on changes in customer preferences for service delivery. From this opinion, the external stakeholder base that is talked about could be said to be the customer. In some other fields of study, open innovation in the service sector has been regarded to go beyond the customer and include a larger non-shareholder stakeholders such as suppliers, quality assurance teams and marketers (Johne & Storey 2008). A similar definition was put up by Chesbrough (2003, p. 3) who this time round explained open innovation as ‘a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology’. For various organisations, open innovation has been approached using different models and parameters of change. For example, LEGO, Barclays Bank and BBC have all used different models of open innovation, which gives a signal that the best way to approach open innovation in the service sector is to open the concept according to what a company is involved in (Gallouj 2002). Open innovation is also expected to have three major phases made up of transition strategy, dynamic management practice and open innovation culture. These